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A Swiss postal barcode encoding 'RI 476 394 652 CH' in Code 128-B
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Code 128 is a high-density linear barcode symbology defined in ISO/IEC 15417:2007.[1] It is used for alphanumeric or numeric-only barcodes. It can encode all 128 characters of ASCII and, by use of an extension symbol (FNC4), the Latin-1 characters defined in ISO/IEC 8859-1.[citation needed]. It generally results in more compact barcodes compared to other methods like Code 39, especially when the texts contain mostly digits.

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Great Barcode Generator. Great Barcode Generator is a utility whose name clearly suggests what its purpose is: that of generating barcodes. Having a user-friendly interface, one will easily understand how to use the program. The 26 most commonly used barcode fonts are available to choose from.

GS1-128 (formerly known as UCC/EAN-128) is a subset of Code 128 and is used extensively worldwide in shipping and packaging industries as a product identification code for the container and pallet levels in the supply chain.

Specification[edit]

Schematic of a Barcode (Code 128B).
1:quiet zone, 2:start code, 3:data, 4:checksum, 5:stop code

A Code 128 barcode has seven sections:

  1. Quiet zone
  2. Start symbol
  3. Encoded data
  4. Check symbol (mandatory)
  5. Stop symbol
  6. Final bar (often considered part of the stop symbol)
  7. Quiet zone

The check symbol is calculated from a weighted sum (modulo 103) of all the symbols.

Subtypes[edit]

Code 128 includes 108 symbols: 103 data symbols, 3 start symbols, and 2 stop symbols. Each symbol consists of three black bars and three white spaces of varying widths. All widths are multiples of a basic 'module'. Each bar and space is 1 to 4 modules wide, and the symbols are fixed width: the sum of the widths of the three black bars and three white bars is 11 modules.

The stop pattern is composed of two overlapped symbols and has four bars. The stop pattern permits bidirectional scanning. When the stop pattern is read left-to-right (the usual case), the stop symbol (followed by a 2-module bar) is recognized. When the stop pattern is read right-to-left, the reverse stop symbol (followed by a 2-module bar) is recognized. A scanner seeing the reverse stop symbol then knows it must skip the 2-module bar and read the rest of the barcode in reverse.

Despite its name, Code 128 does not have 128 distinct symbols, so it cannot represent 128 code points directly. To represent all 128 ASCII values, it shifts among three code sets (A, B, C). Together, code sets A and B cover all 128 ASCII characters. Code set C is used to efficiently encode digit strings. The initial subset is selected by using the appropriate start symbol. Within each code set, some of the 103 data code points are reserved for shifting to one of the other two code sets. The shifts are done using code points 98 and 99 in code sets A and B, 100 in code sets A and C and 101 in code sets B and C to switch between them):

  • 128A (Code Set A) – ASCII characters 00 to 95 (0–9, A–Z and control codes), special characters, and FNC 1–4
  • 128B (Code Set B) – ASCII characters 32 to 127 (0–9, A–Z, a–z), special characters, and FNC 1–4
  • 128C (Code Set C) – 00–99 (encodes two digits with a single code point) and FNC1

Quiet zone[edit]

The minimum width of the Quiet Zone to the left and right of the 128 Bar Code is 10x, where x is the minimum width of a module. It is mandatory at the left and right side of the barcode.

Start/stop and encoded data[edit]

Each symbol in the barcode is composed of three bars and three spaces. Each bar or space is 1, 2, 3 or 4 units wide, the sum of the widths of bars must be even (4, 6 or 8 units), the sum of the widths of the spaces must be odd (3, 5 or 7 units), and total 11 units per symbol. For instance, encoding the ASCII character '0' can be viewed as 10011101100, where a sequence of 1's is a bar and a sequence of 0's is a space. A single 1 would be the thinnest line in the bar code. Three 1's in sequence (111) indicates a bar three times as thick as a single 1 bar.

There are 108 possible 11-unit wide symbols, and the code uses all possible symbols. Two of the symbols are used for stop (end-of-barcode) indication, stop and reverse stop. The two stop symbols are special because they are always followed by a 2-unit bar, forming a 13-unit long stop pattern. Reading the stop pattern left to right is the stop symbol (followed by a 2-unit bar), and reading the stop pattern right to left is the reverse stop symbol (followed by a 2-unit bar).

Check digit calculation[edit]

The check digit is a weighted modulo-103 checksum. It is calculated by summing the start code 'value' to the products of each symbol's 'value' multiplied by its position in the barcode string. The start symbol and first encoded symbol are in position 1. The sum of the products is then reduced modulo 103. The remainder is then converted back to one of the 103 non-delimiter symbols (following the instructions given below) and appended to the barcode, immediately before the stop symbol.

For example, in the following table, the code 128 variant A checksum value is calculated for the alphanumeric string PJJ123C:

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CodeValuePositionValue ×
Position
Start Code A1031103
P48148
J42284
J423126
117468
218590
3196114
C357245
Sum878
Remainder mod 10354

For the purpose of computing the check symbol, the shift and code-switch symbols are treated the same as any other symbol in the bar code. The checksum is computed over the symbol values, without regard for which code set is active at the time. For instance the code set C value '33' and the code set B value 'A' are both considered to be a Code 128 value of 33, and the check digit is computed based on the value of 33 times the symbol's position within the barcode.

Using FNC4 to encode high (128–255) characters[edit]

The special symbol FNC4 ('Function 4'), present only in code sets A and B, can be used to encode all the Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1) characters in a Code 128 barcode.[2] The feature is not widely supported and is not used in GS1-128.[3][4] When a single FNC4 is present in a string, the following symbol is converted to ASCII as usual, and then 128 is added to the ASCII value. (If the following symbol is a shift, then a second symbol will be used to obtain the character.) If two FNC4s are used consecutively then all following characters will be treated as such, up to the end of the string or another pair of FNC4s. Between the double FNC4s, a single FNC4 will be used to denote that the following character will be standard ASCII.[5]

Bar code widths[edit]

Code128 specifies a combination of 6 alternating bars and spaces (3 of each) for each symbol. Thus, each symbol begins with a bar and ends with a space. In barcode fonts, the final bar is generally combined with the stop symbol to make a wider stop pattern. The following table details the widths associated with each bar and space for each symbol. The width of each bar or space may be 1, 2, 3 or 4 units (modules). Using the example above, an 'A' would be depicted with the pattern 10100011000, or as widths 111323 in the tables below.

The widths value is derived by counting the length of each run of 1's then 0's in the pattern, starting from the left. There will always be 6 runs and the lengths of these 6 runs form the Widths value. For example, using the pattern 10100011000, the run lengths are 1 (digit 1), 1 (digit 0), 1 (digit 1), 3 (digit 0), 2 (digit 1), 3 (digit 0). Reporting just the lengths of each run gives 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 3, thereby producing a widths value of 111323.

Code 128
ValueHex Value128A128B128CFont position
(Common/Uncommon/Barcodesoft)		Bar/Space
CodeLatin-1PatternWidths
000spacespace0032 or 194 or 207 / 212 / 252␣ or  or Ï / Ô / ü11011001100212222
101!!0133!11001101100222122
202''0234'11001100110222221
303##0335#10010011000121223
404$$0436$10010001100121322
505%%0537%10001001100131222
606&&0638&10011001000122213
707''0739'10011000100122312
808((0840(10001100100132212
909))0941)11001001000221213
100a**1042*11001000100221312
110b++1143+11000100100231212
120c,,1244,10110011100112232
130d--1345-10011011100122132
140e..1446.10011001110122231
150f//1547/10111001100113222
1610001648010011101100123122
1711111749110011100110123221
1812221850211001110010223211
1913331951311001011100221132
2014442052411001001110221231
2115552153511011100100213212
2216662254611001110100223112
2317772355711101101110312131
2418882456811101001100311222
2519992557911100101100321122
261a::2658:11100100110321221
271b;;2759;11101100100312212
281c<<2860<11100110100322112
291d==2961=11100110010322211
301e>>3062>11011011000212123
311f??3163?11011000110212321
3220@@3264@11000110110232121
3321AA3365A10100011000111323
3422BB3466B10001011000131123
3523CC3567C10001000110131321
3624DD3668D10110001000112313
3725EE3769E10001101000132113
3826FF3870F10001100010132311
3927GG3971G11010001000211313
4028HH4072H11000101000231113
4129II4173I11000100010231311
422aJJ4274J10110111000112133
432bKK4375K10110001110112331
442cLL4476L10001101110132131
452dMM4577M10111011000113123
462eNN4678N10111000110113321
472fOO4779O10001110110133121
4830PP4880P11101110110313121
4931QQ4981Q11010001110211331
5032RR5082R11000101110231131
5133SS5183S11011101000213113
5234TT5284T11011100010213311
5335UU5385U11011101110213131
5436VV5486V11101011000311123
5537WW5587W11101000110311321
5638XX5688X11100010110331121
5739YY5789Y11101101000312113
583aZZ5890Z11101100010312311
593b[[5991[11100011010332111
603c609211101111010314111
613d]]6193]11001000010221411
623e^^6294^11110001010431111
633f__6395_10100110000111224
6440NUL`6496`10100001100111422
6541SOHa6597a10010110000121124
6642STXb6698b10010000110121421
6743ETXc6799c10000101100141122
6844EOTd68100d10000100110141221
6945ENQe69101e10110010000112214
7046ACKf70102f10110000100112412
7147BELg71103g10011010000122114
7248BSh72104h10011000010122411
7349HTi73105i10000110100142112
744aLFj74106j10000110010142211
754bVTk75107k11000010010241211
764cFFl76108l11001010000221114
774dCRm77109m11110111010413111
784eSOn78110n11000010100241112
794fSIo79111o10001111010134111
8050DLEp80112p10100111100111242
8151DC1q81113q10010111100121142
8252DC2r82114r10010011110121241
8353DC3s83115s10111100100114212
8454DC4t84116t10011110100124112
8555NAKu85117u10011110010124211
8656SYNv86118v11110100100411212
8757ETBw87119w11110010100421112
8858CANx88120x11110010010421211
8959EMy89121y11011011110212141
905aSUBz90122z11011110110214121
915bESC{91123{11110110110412121
925cFS|92124|10101111000111143
935dGS}93125}10100011110111341
945eRS~94126~10001011110131141
955fUSDEL95195 / 200 / 240Ã / È / ð10111101000114113
9660FNC 3FNC 396196 / 201 / 241Ä / É / ñ10111100010114311
9761FNC 2FNC 297197 / 202 / 242Å / Ê / ò11110101000411113
9862Shift BShift A98198 / 203 / 243Æ / Ë / ó11110100010411311
9963Code CCode C99199 / 204 / 244Ç / Ì / ô10111011110113141
10064Code BFNC 4Code B200 / 205 / 245È / Í / õ10111101110114131
10165FNC 4Code ACode A201 / 206 / 246É / Î / ö11101011110311141
10266FNC 1FNC 1FNC 1202 / 207 / 247Ê / Ï / ÷11110101110411131
10367Start Code A203 / 208 / 248Ë / Ð / ø11010000100211412
10468Start Code B204 / 209 / 249Ì / Ñ / ù11010010000211214
10569Start Code C205 / 210 / 250Í / Ò / ú11010011100211232
1066aStop——11000111010233111
——Reverse Stop——11010111000211133
——Stop pattern (7 bars/spaces)206 / 211 / 251Î / Ó / û11000111010112331112

The 'Code A', 'Code B' and 'Code C' symbols cause all future symbols to be interpreted according to the corresponding subcode. The 'Shift' symbol switches a single following symbol's interpretation between subcodes A and B.

The encoded ASCII char depends on the actual used barcode-font. Especially the ASCII char of value 0 and of value 95 and above may be defined differently in the font that is installed.

The FNCx codes are used for special purposes. FNC1 at the beginning of a bar code indicates a GS1-128 bar code which begins with a 2- 3- or 4-digit application identifier assigned by the Uniform Code Council, which explains the following digits. For example, application identifier 421 indicates that an ISO 3166-1 numeric country code and ship-to postal code follows. Thus, the U.S. ZIP code for the White House would generally be printed as '(421) 840 20500', but would actually be coded as '[Start C] [FNC1] 42 18 40 20 50 [Code A] 16 [Check symbol 92] [Stop]'

Check digit calculation for the above Zip code example:

ValueWeightWeight × Value
Start C1051105
FNC11021102
4242284
1818354
40404160
20205100
50506300
Code A1017707
0168128
Sum =1740
1740Mod 103 =92

Availability[edit]

For the end user, Code 128 barcodes may be generated by either an outside application to create an image of the barcode, or by a font-based barcode solution. Either solution requires the use of an application or an application add in to calculate the check digit and create the barcode.

Barcode length optimization[edit]

Code set C uses one code symbol to represent two digits, so when the text contains just digits it will generally result in shorter barcodes. However, when the string contains only a few digits or it's mixed with non-digit character, it does not always produce a more compact code than code sets A or B. Using code set C saves one symbol per two digits, but costs a mode-shift symbol to enter and exit the set. Thus, it is only worth using if there are enough consecutive digits. For example, encoding the string 'X00Y' with code set A or B requires 7 code symbols ([Start B] 56 16 16 57 [checksum] [Stop]), while using code set C for the '00' would result in a code 8 symbols long ([Start B] 56 [Code C] 00 [Code B] 57 [checksum] [Stop]).

Using code set C is only advantageous under the following conditions:

Location of digitsNumber of consecutive digits
beginning of data4+
end of data4+
middle of data (surrounded by symbols from code set A or B)6+
entire dataeither 2 or 4+ (but not 3)

At the end of a string, delaying the transition to code set C until there are an even number of digits remaining avoids an extra symbol. Consider the string '...01234': a delayed switch produces ... 0 [Code C] 12 34 [checksum] [Stop] but an early switch produces ... [Code C] 01 23 [Code A] 4 [checksum] [Stop].[6]

For example, given the string '098x1234567y23', savings on barcode length using code set C are achieved only if it is applied to middle part of the string. For the beginning and ending part of the string, switching to code set C is not effective. As there are an odd number of digits in the middle of the string, the odd one must be use a different code, set, but it makes no difference whether this is the first or last; 16 symbols are required in either case: [Start B] 0 9 8 x 1 [Code C] 23 45 67 [Code B] y 2 3 [checksum] [Stop], or [Start B] 0 9 8 x [Code C] 12 34 56 [Code B] 7 y 2 3 [checksum] [Stop].

Optimizing the length of the resulting barcode is important when barcode readers are used which must detect the entire barcode image at once in order to read it, such as common laser scanners. The longer the barcode is, the greater distance of laser barcode reader from barcode image is needed, making reading difficult or impossible above some threshold lengths/distances.

The optimal encoding can be found using a dynamic programming algorithm.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^'ISO/IEC 15417:2007 - Information technology -- Automatic identification and data capture techniques -- Code 128 bar code symbology specification'. www.iso.org. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
  2. ^Apparently ISO 15417 Annex F
  3. ^'Code 128 Explained'. Softmatic GmbH. Retrieved 2017-01-21. In principle non-ASCII characters like German umlauts (e.g. ÄÖÜ) can be encoded in a Code 128 symbol by using a special character (FNC4). However, this feature is not widely supported. Using a 2D barcode symbology like Aztec or Datamatrix with dedicated support for non-ASCII data might be a better choice.
  4. ^GS1 General Specifications (January 2006 – Version 7.0), section 5.3.1.1 GS1-128 Symbology Characteristics, stating, 'Characters with ASCII values 128 to 255 may also be encoded in Code 128 Symbols. Characters with ASCII values 128 to 255 accessed by Function 4 Character (FNC4) are reserved for future use and are not used in GS1-128 Bar Code Symbols.'
  5. ^'TBarcode1D_Code128'. Han-soft corporation. Retrieved 2017-01-21. If a single 'FNC 4' character is used, indicates the following data character in the symbol is an extended ASCII character. A 'SHIFT' character may follow the 'FNC 4' character if it is necessary to change character subset for the following data character. Subsequent data characters revert to the standard ASCII character set. If two consecutive 'FNC4' characters are used, all following data characters are extended ASCII characters until two further consecutive 'FNC4' characters are encountered or the end of the symbol is reached. If during this sequence of extended encodation a single 'FNC4' character is encountered it is used to revert to standard ASCII encodation for the next data character only. 'SHIFT' and character subset characters shall have their normal effect during such a sequence.
  6. ^GS1 General Specifications, Version 13, Issue 1, Jan-2013, Section 5.4.7.7. Use of Start, Code Set, and Shift symbols to Minimize Symbol Length (Informative), pages 268 to 269. This section gives the compression strategy.
  7. ^Skiena, Steven S. (2010). '8.9 War Story: Text Compression for Bar Codes'. The Algorithm Design Manual (2nd ed.). ISBN1-849-96720-2. dynamic programming led to an 8% tighter encoding on average.

External links[edit]

Great Barcode Generator 2.1 Registration Key Download

  • GS1-128 Specification – A detailed list of Application Identifiers.
  • Barcodesoft – Font mapping of Barcodesoft, which differs from the common ascii mapping (see http://ascii-code.com/).
  • The 128 code – Learn the Code 128 encoding algorithm with a font-based barcode solution.
  • Online barcode generator – Free online Barcode generator for the various barcode types.

Sample code[edit]

  • ZXing – Multiplatform open source barcode scanner / generator with versions available in Java (core project) and ports to ActionScript, C++, C#, ObjectiveC and Ruby.
  • Python Bar Code 128 – This code appears to draw boxes one pixel wide. It appears it was modified from a short line long line bar code which would have drawn lines. The 'Black boxes' should be the same size as the 'White Boxes'.
  • GenCode128 – Free C# source code implementation of Code128. Almost all features are implemented, but is not 100% complete.
  • Barcode1DTools Ruby gem – Ruby source code for many 1D barcode symbologies including Code 128.
  • Perl barcode generation code – Perl source code for many 1D barcode symbologies including Code 128.
  • Barcode::Code128 – Free Perl barcode generation module.
  • GOCR – Free OCR with Code 128 recognition.
  • Barcode Code 128 – Free JavaScript source code implementation of Code128.
  • Barcode4J – Free Java API with implementation of Code128 and other standard barcodes.
  • JavaScript Code 128 – Open-source JavaScript implementation of Code128 and other linear barcodes.
  • Introducing creation of Code 128 barcodes Guide to converting text to Code 128 barcodes. Written for Lazarus (open-source, multi-platform GUI Pascal) but of general use.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_128&oldid=997636646'
You can use ActiveBarcode to save barcodes as a raster image. These graphic formats enable pixel-precise work. You can generate image files on different ways.

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  • You can save bitmap images with the ActiveBarcode Generator as a file.
    To do this use the function Export from the menu File and select bitmap format when saving.
  • You can copy a bitmap image to the clipboard using the menu Copy Bitmap from the ActiveBarcode Generator.
  • You can save bitmap images as a file using the ActiveBarcode Control's methods:
    SaveAs,
    SaveAsBySize or
    SaveAsBySizeExtended.
  • You can save a bitmap images at the console (command line) using the ActiveBarcodeCLI tool.
  • With the ActiveBarcode REST API barcode images can be generated without installing any software.